What does a negative number signify in mathematics?

A negative number signifies a value that is less than zero. In the number line, negative numbers are found to the left of zero, illustrating that they represent quantities below the baseline or reference point of zero. This concept is essential in various mathematical contexts, including arithmetic operations and real-world applications, such as debt or loss, where a negative value indicates a deficiency or a position below a defined zero point.

Understanding that negative numbers are less than zero is foundational for concepts such as temperature (where temperatures below freezing are represented as negative), elevations (below sea level are negative), and financial situations (a negative balance indicates owing money). This comprehension is crucial for solving real-life problems and applying mathematical principles accurately.